A hemoglobinopathy is an inherited disorder of the hemoglobin protein inside red blood cells, caused by a gene mutation that changes the structure of hemoglobin or reduces how much of it the body makes.

Diabetes & Blood Sugar Tests fall into four main categories: fasting glucose, random glucose, the oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c, each measuring a different window of blood sugar control. Pakistan carries the world's highest age-standardised diabetes rate among adults